India under Governor generals:
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Warren
Hastings (1772-1785)
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Administrative reforms
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And of the dual systems;
shifting of treasury froom Murshidabad to Calcutta.
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Revenue reforms
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Collection of revenue was taken
over by the Company.
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Judicial reforms
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Zamindars were given judicial
powers; establishment of civil and criminal courts in each district.
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Social reforms
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In 1781, he founded the Calcutta
Madrasa for promotion of Islamic studies. This was the first educational
institute established by the Company's government.
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Impeachment
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Warren Hastings tendered his
resignation in protest against the Pits India Bill in 1785. He was accused
for the Rohilla bar; Nand Kumar's murder; the case of the Chet Singh and
accepting of bribes. His impeachment lasted for seven years from 1788 to
1795. He was exonerated for all the charges.
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Sir
John Macpherson, (1785-1786)
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He held the post temporariily.
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Lord
Cornwallis (1786-1793)
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Permanent settlement of Bengal
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The land was given on permanent
basis to the zamindar in 1793, instead of giving it to the highest
bidder each year. This system got prosperity to both the Company and zamindar
had the cost of the common peasantry.
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Judicial reforms
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Reorganisation of the revenue
courts; the reorganisation of the criminal courts; depriving the Collectors
of the judicial functions; compilation of the Cornwallis Code.
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Police reforms
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Depriving zamindar of
their police functions; establishment of the thanas
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Sir
John Shore (1793-1798)
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He followed a policy of
non-intervention.
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Sir
Alured Clark (1798)
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He held the post temporarily.
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Lord
Wellesley, (1798-1805)
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He is the famous for introducing
Subsidiary Alliance system . He opened college to train the
Company's servants in Calcutta. That is why he is also called the Father
of the Civil Services in India .
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Lord
Cornwallis (1805)
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Pointed for another term, he
however died very soon.
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Sir
George Barlow (1805-1807)
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An important event was the
Mutiny of Vellore in 1806 in which the Indian soldiers killed many English
officials.
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Lord
Minto I (1807-1813)
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His rule famous for a treaty
with Shah of Persia and Treaty of Amritsar (1809) with Ranjit Singh. Recent
Sir Charles Metcalfe to the court of Ranjit Singh.
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Marquess
of Hasting (1813-1823)
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He was the first to appoint
Indians to the highest Ops of responsibility. The first vernacular
newspaper Samahar Patrika begin to be published during his time.
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John
Adam (1823)
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He held the post temporarily.
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Lord
Amherst (1823-1828)
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Has reign is known for the first
Anglo Burmese War (1824-26) and mutiny of Barrackpur (1824).
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William
Bayley (1818)
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He held the post temporarily.
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Lord
William Bentinck (1828-1833)
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Administrative and judicial
reforms
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Abolition of provincial courts
of appeal and circuit, power of the magistrate increased, appointment of
Indians as judges, replacement of Persian by vernaculars and Scott
language, introduction of the residuary system, Sardar Diwani Adalat at
Allahabad; Codification of Laws.
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Educational reforms
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English accepted as the medium
of instruction after the famous Macaulay's recommendation; Medical colleges
at Calcutta in 1835.
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Social reforms
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Abolition of sati in
1829. Suppression of thuggee in central India; banning of female
infanticide; banning of human sacrifice; reform in the Hindu Law of
Inheritance.
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Sir
Charles Metcalfe (1835-36)
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He held the post temporarily. He
removed the restriction on the vernacular press.
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Lord
Auckland (1836-42)
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Important events of his regime
included the outbreak of first Afghan For and the signing of a Tripartite
Treaty among the English, Ranjit Singh and Shah Shuja of Afghanistan.
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Lord
Ellenborough (1842-1844)
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His period is known for the end
of the first Afghan war, annexation of Sindh to the British Empire (1843).
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William
Wilberforce Bird (1844)
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He held the post temporarily.
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Lord
Hardinge (1844-1848)
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The most important event of his
featured his First Sikh War (1845-1846).
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Lord
Dalhousie (1848-1856)
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About Lord Dalhousie
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He was the youngest to hold the
office of the Governor General. He is famous for the the Doctrine of Lapse
. The second Burnese war, 1852, took place because of Lord Dalhousie's
desire to exclude all European power from Burma. The second Anglo Sikh War
and did Sikh power and Punjab was annexed.
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Administrative reforms
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Separate Lieutenant Governor
appointed for Bengal; Shimla made the summer capital.
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Military reforms
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Arillery Headquarters moved from
Calcutta to Merrut; Army headquarters shifted to Shimla; formation of
Gurkha regiments.
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Railways
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First railway line was led from
Bombay to Thana, in 1853.
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Post and Telegraph
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Reforming the defects of the
Postal System and linking all the important towns Telegraphically.
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Education
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Served Charles Woods despatch on
Education (1854) recommended the setting up of universities in Calcutta,
Bombay and Madras. In 1853, competitive examination for the Indian Civil
Services began.
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Lord
Canning (1856-1858)
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Annexation of Avadh; enactment
of Hindu Widow Remarriage Bill, 1857; establishment of universities at
Calcutta, Madras and Bombay; the revolt of 1857 who were some of the
important events during his post of Governor General.
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India Under Viceroys :
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Lord
Canning (1858-1862)
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Following the Queen's
recommendation in 1858, transferring the Government from the company to the
British Crown, Lord Canning was made the first Viceroy of India. Important
developments in his regime were as follows:
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Financial reforms
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Hey 5% income tax was imposed on
all are links beyond Rs. 500 a year.
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Judicial reforms
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Penal code was prepared by
incorporating the suggestions earlier made by the First Law Commission
headed by Lord Macaulay. High courts were set up at Calcutta, Bombay and
Madras under the provisions of the Indian High Courts act of 1861.
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Lord
Elgin Ist (1861-1863)
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The most important event of his
time over the suppression of the Wahabi tribe of the fanatic Muslims
inhabiting the North West Frontier.
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Lord
John Lawrence (1864-1869)
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An important event of this time
was war against Bhutan in 1865. The Punjab and Oudh Tenancy Act, 1860, was
enacted. Two famines hit India; first in 1800 in Orrisa and second in
1868-69 in Bundelkhand and Rajputana. A Famine Commission was set up under
the chairmanship of Sir Henry Campbell .
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Lord
Mayo (1869-1872)
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For the first time in my Indian
history census was held in 1871. The college was setup and Ajmer to impart
suitable education to the sons of the Indian princess. Subsequently, this
college came to known as the 'Mayo College". And agricultural department
was setup. In 1872, a convict Sher Ali stabbed him to death at Port Blair.
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Lord
Northbrook (1872-1876)
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The main events of this period
were: deposition of Gaekwad in 1874; the Kuka movement; visit of Prince of
Wales; abolition of income tax; famine in Bihar and Bengal in 1873-1874.
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Lord
Lytton (1876-1880)
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Main events of his time period
were :
1. Famine in 1876-1878; Famine Commission was appointed in 1878 headed by General
Richard Strachey.
2. The Delhi Durbar, January 1, 1877, was held to decorate Queen Victoria
with the title Kaiser-i-Hind.
3. The Vernacular Press Act, 1878 was passed, putting several curbs on the
vernacular newspapers.
4. Indian Arms act, 1878 forbade the Indian people from keeping or deeling
in arms with the permission of the Government.
5. Foundation of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College was laid by Lord
Lytton in 1877 at Aligarh.
6. Satautory Civil Service in 1879. It was also laid down that the
candidates had to appear and pass the civil services examination which
began to be held in England. The maximum age for these candidates were
reduced from 21 to 19 years.
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Lord
Ripon (1880-1884)
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Important events during Ripon's stint
as viceroy were as follows:-
1. Repeal of Vernacular Press act, 1882.
2. Resolution in 1882 for institution of local self-government in India.
3. Constitution of the Hunter commission on education (1882).
4. The maximum age of admission to civil services raised to 21.
5. Introduction of the Ilber Bill which would authorize India judges to
hear cases against the Europeans as well.
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Lord
Dufferin (1884-1888)
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His period witnessed the third
Anglo Burmese war which led to the accession of upper Burma. Three Tenancy
Acts were passed to give greater security of tenure or to the tenants.
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Lord
Lansdowne (1888-1894)
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Major developments during his
period are : enactment of second factory act; demarcation of the
Indo-Afghan border (Durand Line); Second Indian council Act (1892).
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Lord
Elgin II (1894-1899)
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A bubonic plague in Bombay in
1896 and sever draught in Bikaner and Hissar district were some of the
important events of his period.
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Lord
Curzon (1899-1905)
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Highlights of his period were as
follows:
1. Lord Curzon set up a Famine Commision.
2. The Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1900, prohibited the sale of
agricultural lands for its attachment in execution of a decree.
3. Agricultural banks were established.
4. In 1904, the cooperative credit societies act was passed.
5. The Department of agriculture was established in 1901.
6. He founded on agriculture research Institute at Pusa.
7. Commission was appointed in 1901 to consider the problems of education.
8. In order to preserve and protect ancient monuments of India, he passed
the Ancient Monuments Protection Act, and Archaeological Department was
established in 1901.
9. The setup of Police Commission under the Chairmanship of Sir Andrew
Frazer in 1902.
10. A Criminal Investigation Department was opened in each district. In
1901 the Imperial Cadet Corps was set up.
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Lord
Minto II (1905-1910)
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His stint as viceroy is famous
for the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 which provided for separate electorate
to Muslims.
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Lord
Hardinge II (1910-1916)
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In the honour of King George V
and Queen Mary of England, Coronation Darbar was held at Delhi. In 1911 the
capital of country was announced to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. In
1912, Delhi became the new capital. When Lord Hardinge was heading a procession
through the Chandi Chowk in his new capital, some extremist revolutionaries
through a bomb burn him. The Viceroy himself escaped unhurt. The First
World War broke out in 1914. In 1916, Lord Hardinge laid the foundation of
the Benaras Hindu University. Madan Mohan Malaviya was the
Founder-Chancellor of this university.
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Lord
Chelmsford (1916-1921)
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Enactment of the Government of
India, 1919 (Montague-Chelmsfor Reforms) which introduced dyarchy in the
provincess; enactment of Rowlatt Act (1919); the Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy
(1919); and the beginning of the Non-cooperation Movement were some of the
important events in his period.
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Lord
Reading (1921-26)
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Held of the Non-Corporation
Movement (1922); arrival of the Prince of Wales (1921); and outbreak of the
Moplah Revolt (1921) was some of the events of his period.
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Lord
Irwin (1926-31)
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The Viceroylty of Irwin is known
for
1. Appointment of Simon commission in 1928.
2. Passing of the resolution for complete independence (purna smarajya)
in 1929.
3. Launching of the civil Disobedience movement.
4. Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931;
5. First Around Table Conference (1930).
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Lord
Willingdon (1931-1936)
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Important events were :
1. The second Around Table Conference, 1931 ;
2. Restarting of the Disbodience Movement, 1931
3. The communal award, 1932; the Poona act;
4. Third Round Table Conference, 1932
5. The Government of India Of 1935;
6. Earthquake in Bihar on January 15, 1934.
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Lord
Linlithgow (1936-44)
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Highlights of his reign were :
1. Longest reign as viceroy of India
2. Beginning of the Second World War.
3. Coming into force of the Government of India Act 1935 with provinces
going to elections.
4. Arrival of the Cripps Mission.
5. Beginning of the Quit India Movement,
6. Great Famine of Bengal (1943)
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Lord
Wavell (1944-1947)
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His period is famous for the
Shimla conference, 1945; arrival of the Cabinet Mission, 1946; the
Constituent Assembly boycotted by the Muslim League which launched the
heinous "Direct Action Day" on August 16, 1946; the Intrim
Government under Pt. Jawajarlal Nehru's leadership; Attlee's Declaration
that his government was intended to hand over the Administration of India
to her people before June 1948, even if no agreement was reached between
the Congress and the Muslim League.
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Lord
Mountabatten, (March 1947-June 1948)
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Declaration of third June, 1947;
Indian Independence Act, Partition of the country between two independent
states of India and Pakistan with Lord Mountbatten and Mr M.A. Jinnah as
thier respective Governor generals.
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Monuments and Builders-
- Amaravati Stupa – Satavahanas
- Sanchi Stupa – Sungas
- Sarnath Stupa- Guptas
- Bharhut Stupa- Sungas
- Peshawar Stupa- Kanishka
- Chaitya of Karale- Satavahanas
- Ajanta Paintings- Guptas
- Shore Temple (Mahabalipuram) – Pallavas
- Virupaksha temple – Chalukyas of Badami
- Iron pillar Delhi – Chandra Gupta II
- Mahabodhi temple (Gaya) – Palas
List of important battles fought in
India from 1000 CE up to 1857 CE.
- Second Battle of Tarain(1192)
It was fought at same Tarain battlefield as in the first
Tarain battle. This was fought by Mohammad Ghori
against Prithvi Raj Chauhan. This time Prithvi Raj was defeated.
- Battle of Chandawar(1194)
In this battle Jaichandra
was defeated by Mohammad Ghori.
- Battle of Panipat(11-April-1526)
In this battle Babur defeated the Army of Afghans and
killed their king Ibrahim Lodi.
- Battle of Khanwa(17-March-1527)
Rajputs under Rana of Mewar Rana Sanga,
were defeated by Babur of Ferghana. Rana Sanga was wounded in the battlefield.
Medini Rai of Chanderi was defeated in the hands of Babur.[1]
- Battle of Ghagra or Gogara (6-May-1529)
Babur defeated and dispersed Afghans.
- Battle of chausal (7-June-1539)
Sher shah
defeated the mughals, but Humayun, the king escaped by crossing over the river.
- Battle of Kanauj or Billgram (17-May-1540)
Sher shah won against Humayun.
Occupied only Agra city.
- Battle for Delhi (7 October 1556)
- Battle of Panipat(5-November-1556)
Hem Chandra Vikramaditya (Hemu) was defeated by Mughals
under Akbar.
- Battle of Bannihatti or Tallikota(23-January-1565)
Unified Army of five Deccan Sultanates defeated the
Vijayanagara Army and Vijayanagara General Ramaraju was killed in the
battlefield.
- Battle of Haldighati(1576)
This was started between Akbar and Rana of Mewar Pratap.
Decisive Mughal victory.
- First Carnatic War(1745–48)
This war was fought by British and French armies. French
occupied Madras, later returned it to British.
- Second Carnatic War(1749–54)
French army under the of Duplex fought with British and
British won. In 1755 they made a provisional treaty.
- Third Carnatic War(1756–63)
In 1758 French occupied Fort Saint David. But defeated at
Wandiwasi(1760). Britishers won.
- Battle of Plassey(June-1757)
British Army under the command of Rober Clive fought
with Bengal Nawab Siraz-ud-daula and British won and Mir Jafar was made Nawab.
Siraz-ud-daula was hanged.
British army under the command of Major Manri defeated the
combined army of Mir Kasim nawab of Bengal, Shuja-ud-daulah nawab of Awadh, Sha Alam, Mughal emperor.
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